February 8th, 2012 | 
Author: I am looking for a website or a book that teaches me about computers:
the way they work
what are the parts thye are made of
what does each part do
and…
FIX PC ERRORS
PC Integrity Scanner
Know What Happens on YOUR PC
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try computers for dummies.
You might also have a look at the CompTIA A+ Course books, which covers everything you asked about there, plus a load more, and usually are fairly well laid out and explained and contain as little or as much detail as you care to read into.
Other than that as the guy above me said ‘Computers for Dummies’, anything in the ‘for Dummies’ series is usually excellent, so thats another good suggestion.